Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, which make up about ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. The population of 127 million is the world's tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98.5% of Japan's total population. Approximately 9.1 million people live in the core city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan.
Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, particularly from Western Europe, has characterized Japan's history. From the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor.
Japan entered into a long period of isolation in the early 17th century, which was ended in 1853 when a United States fleet pressured Japan to open to the West. After nearly two decades of internal conflict and insurrection, the Imperial Court regained its political power in 1868 through the help of several clans from Chôshû and Satsuma, and the Empire of Japan was established. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victories in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism.
The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an Emperor and an elected legislature called the National Diet.
Japan is a member of the UN, the G7, the G8, and the G20 and is considered a great power.[10][11][12] The country has the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the world's fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with the one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree.
Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country with a very high standard of living and Human Development Index whose population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality in the world.[15][16]
Die Bildung des japanischen Staatswesens begann im 5. Jahrhundert unter kulturellem Einfluss des chinesischen Kaiserreichs. Seit dem 16. Jahrhundert stand Japan im Kontakt mit dem Westen und stieg seit dem 19. Jahrhundert zur Großmacht auf, erwarb Kolonien wie Korea und Taiwan, nahm an beiden Weltkriegen teil und beherrschte kurzzeitig große Teile Südost- und Ostasiens. Das Japanische Kaiserreich war bis 1947 eine nach dem monarchischen Prinzip ausgerichtete, zum Teil an preußischem Vorbild angelehnte, konstitutionelle Monarchie mit dem japanischen Kaiser als Staatsoberhaupt. Damit zählte Japan zu einem der weltweit letzten Kaiserreiche. Seine aggressive Expansionspolitik in China im Vorfeld und während des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Pazifikkrieg) führte schließlich zur Niederlage an der Seite der Achsenmächte im August 1945. Im unter Douglas MacArthurs Besatzungsregierung gestalteten japanischen Staat seit 1947 ist der Souverän das Volk, höchstes Organ der Staatsgewalt das Parlament, dessen Kammern seither beide direkt vom Volk gewählt werden. Das Kaisertum wurde nicht abgeschafft, aber der Kaiser als „Symbol des Staates“ auf zeremonielle Aufgaben ohne eigenständige Autorität in Staatsangelegenheiten reduziert.
Japan wird zu den dichter besied