 Roman Colosseum formerly known as the Flavian Amphitheater |
 The Colosseum- An arena for gladiator contests and public spectacles |
 The Colosseum Started around 72 A.D. under the emperors of the Flavian family and completed in less than 10 years |
 Massive pillars the form the exterior frame, holes that pockmark it where big iron brackets were driven in stapling the stones |
 It's huge even compared to stadiums nowdays- 4 oversized stories, 160ft high, nearly a third a mile around and covers 6 acres |
 Inside Colosseum Upper level passageway which would have concession stands selling fast food and souvenirs |
 Inside Colosseum Upper level walkways to get to seats |
 Inside Colosseum Partially covered arena floor with underground passages beneath |
 Upper level passage way into seating area- seats would be on both sides going up and down just like in our stadiums today |
 Maze beneath the arena floor where animals were caged, gladiators warmed up, prisoners said final prayers & workers set the show |
 Scaffolding supporting workers in the areas beneath where the arena floor would be |
 Multiple activities including Archeology, Conservation, Preservation and Reconstructions |
 Impressive amount of work still happening here |
 Inside Colosseum Bad selfie to prove I WAS there! |
 Inside Colosseum concrete slanted area that would have been covered with stones for seating |
 Reconstructed marble seating- VIP's marble seats were engraved with their names. Up top wooden bleachers for the poor |
 Inside Colosseum View out of archway to Palatine Hill, dotted with umbrella pines |
 Arch of Constantine, a triumph arch erected to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius in 312 |
 Palatine Hill was mostly occupied by the houses of the rich and from the time of Augustus- Imperial palaces. |
 Constantine Arch-between the Palatine Hill & the Caelian Hill-spanned the ancient route taken by emperors when entering the city |
 Arch marks one of the great turning points in history- the military coup that made Christianity mainstream. |
 Temple of Venus & Rome, sacred chamber held a monumental statue of Venus, goddess of love & Roma Aeterna, city personification |
 Columns mark perimeter of Rome's biggest temple which Roma and Amor-Latin for Venus- reinforced that Rome and Love go together |
 Worshippers, especially newlyweds, would climb the steps to the entrance to make a sacrifice & ask Venus to bring them good luck |
 Arch of Titus- triumphal arch commemorating Roman victory over Judea (Israel) in AD 70- Jewish slaves were forced to build it |
 Romans, reputed as benevolent conquerors tolerating local customs, only required allegiance by worshipping the emperor as a god |
 Roman propaganda decorates the inside of the arch. The relief at the top shows Titus riding an eagle to heaven to become a god |
 After the brutal crushing of the Jewish rebellion and another 60 years later Jews had no political entity for almost 2000 years |
 Ruins of the Basilica of Constantine, Roman hall of justice, with facade of Basilica Saint Francesca Romana in right forefront |
 Actual large basalt stones of the Via Sacra- main street of ancient Rome. Possibly walked on by Caesar Augustus 2,000 years ago! |
 This green door is the original bronze door to the Temple of Romulus, still swinging on its ancient hinges after 17 centuries |
 Temple of Antoninus Pius and Faustina his beloved wife, whom he declared a goddess and built this temple in her honor. |
 Gardens in the courtyard of the House of the Vestal Virgins, all that remains of the once grandiose residence. |
 Temple of Vesta, circular temple with fire in center symbolizing the hearth of the extended family of Rome tended by 6 Virgins |
 Temple of Castor and Pollux, one of the oldest temples with the original dating back to 484 BC |
 Roman Forum- In the Temple of Julius Caesar- the spot where his body was burned after his assassination in 44 BC.jpg |
 Striking ruins of a 100m-long Roman civic hall, built in 179 BC, thought to have an ornate, shop-lined facade. |
 Myriad of ruins including Curia Julia senate house, Septimius Severus Arch, Temple of Vespasian & Titus and the Column of Phocas |
 Forum of Caesar a sizable place featuring the ruins of a Roman plaza built by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE. |
 View across Caesar Forum of Colosseum and back side of the Basilica of Constantine |
 Statue of Gaius Julius Caesar- a man responsible for shaping much of the world we now have |
 Capitoline Wolf- bronze sculture depicting the she-wolf suckling the mythical twin founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus. |
 She-wolf sucking Romulus & Remus, symbol of Rome since ancient times & one of the most recognizable icons of ancient mythology |
 Fontana della Dea Roma, a beautiful and monumental fountain directly in front of the Capitol buildling |
 Campidoglio- hiltop square designed by Michelangelo. In the center a replica of the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius |
 Capitol or Senate Palace, 12th-century municipal building on Roman foundations with a bell tower |
 Fountain of Egyption Lions- two black basalt lions from a temple honoring the Egyptian gods Isis and Serapis. |
 Stairway to Church Santa Maria d' Aracoeli (1348) where Prince Caffarelli rolled barrels down on sleeping peasants |
 Insula (Acient Roman Condo) represents a rare example of a 2000yo rental house from the imperial era. |
 Was at least 5 floors. From street level(now) looking down there are large arcades of the porch that housed shops & laboratories |
 Above were the small rented apartments where around 380 people lived. |
 Fountain of Tyrrhenian One of two magnificent fountains on either side of the Victorian Complex |
 Central Altar of the Fatherland and Equestrian statue of Vittorio Emanuele II, under which is the tomb of the Unknown Soldier |
 View past bronze sculptures of Complex to two domes of Catholic churches and on the right the Column of Trajan |
 Victorian Complex (1878)- national monument to sovereign Vittorio Emanuele II, a modern building representing ancient Rome |
 Church of the Most Holy Name of Jesus in Argentina holds the tomb of it's founder, St Ignatius of Loyola |
 St Maria Sopra Minerva Basilica- Modeled on Florence's Santa Maria Novella & where the Roman Inquisition condemmed Galileo |
 Pulcino della Minerva-an elephant supporting the shortest of 11 Egyptian obelisks in Rome. (Secret tomb of Alexander the Great) |
 View of back side of the Pantheon past the Elephant Obelisk |
 Called Pantheon as it was dedicated to all(pan) the gods(theos) one of the rare public temples that let ordinary Romans go in |
 The Pantheon actually stood above street level, approached by a staircase, but centuries of sediment has raise the street level |
 The Pantheon looks Greek but in typical Roman style the walls are a shell of brick filled with poured concrete 20 ft thick |
 The columns(year 120), show the scale ancient Romans built on, 40 ft tall, 15ft around, weigh 55 tons carved from a single piece |
 Large bronze doors once plated with gold, are not original, manufactured(15th century) too small for the door frame |
 It's dome was a model for Florence's Duomo which launched the Renaissance, & Michelangelo's St. Peters Dome which capped it off |
 The dome is exactly 142ft from floor to rooftop and side to side.The Oculus is open to air! |
 In ancient Rome the main alter likely had a large statue of Jupiter, the king of the gods. |
 Bronze altar in front of main altar.... no info |
 Niche just to the left of the main altar with statue, podium and bronze sculpture and huge candleabra |
 A statue of a Madonna and Child commissioned by Raphael and placed above his tomb |
 Bronze bust of Raphael, one of the holy trinity of Renaissance artist combining serene grace of Leonardo & power of Michelangelo |
 Here lies Raphael. In life, Nature feared to be outdone by him. In the artist's death, she feared she too would die |
 Tomb of Italy's King when it united in the mid 1800's- Victor Emmanuel II of the Savoys with inscription Father of his Country. |
 Tomb of Umberto I- Victor's son. Beneath his tomb lies his Queen(also first cousin) Margherita, like the pizza named for her |
 609 the Pantheon became a Christian Church, Pagan gods were replaced with tombs of famous Italians & statues of Christian Saints |
 The floor was designed with holes and slants toward the edges to let the rain-water drain. |
 Only ancient building in Rome continuously used since it's construction with the only light source from the Oculus and doorway |
 Fountain in the Piazza della Rotunda, the obelisk originally decorated a sanctuary dedicated to the Egyptian goddess Isis aroun |
 Side view of the facade on the Chiesa di Sant' Ignazio di Loyola with a cute little round thing up there |
 Crazy trying to navigate here-at this intersection we're suppose to go straight- street turns into a tiny little alleyway |
 Chiesa di Sant' Ignazio di Loyola 17th-century baroque Roman Catholic church |
 Now that we found the alleyway a quick look back at the church got me a good shot |
 Trevi Fountain(1762)-showcases Rome's love affair with water, A fountain here dates back to (19 BC) when the Aqueduct was built. |
 Built at the end point of the aqueduct, at the junction of three streets (tre vie) giving the Trevi Fountain it's name |
 Ocean standing in his shell shaped chariot surfing thru his wet kingdom. Winged horses represent cresting waves led by Tritons |
 Mostly built from travertine stone meaning from the Tiber in Latin. A mineral made of calcium carbonate formed from hot springs |
 Famed sight for tourists from around the world, the fountain is quite the stage prop as well & has been featured in many films |
 Santi Vincenzo e Anastasio a Fontana di Trevi a catholic church across from the Trevi Fountain |
 Immaculate Conception Column built to celebrate the Immaculat Conception doctrine proclaimed by Pope Pius IX in 1854 |
 Spanish Steps- wide, curving 138 step staircase leading sharply up from the Piazza di Spagna, named for the Spanish Embassy |
 At the top is another Egyption Obelisk framed between two Baroque church towers |
 The aptly-named Sinking Boat Fountain- low key due to low water pressure from the aqueduct at this point |
 Vatican Museum entrance where the glories of the ancient world are displayed in a lavish papal palace |
 Vatican Wall and entrance to Museum/palace decorated by the likes of Michelangelo and Raphael. |
 Vatican Oval ramp up to the Pine Cone Courtyard entrance. Replica of Viking long boat at the bottom |
 Vatican View of St. Peter's Basilica Dome from the Pine Cone Courtyard |
 St. Peter's Dome by Michelangelo is 430 feet from the floor of the cathedral to the top of the lantern |
 View of the Papal Gardens from the Pine Cone Courtyard |
 1990 Bronze Ball or Sphere Within Sphere by Pomodoro who says that the inner ball = the Earth and outer ball = Christianity. |
 The pine cone is 2000 years old & originally stood near the Pantheon to honor Isis, the Egyptian goddess of fertility. |
 The perfect symbol of fertility was the pine cone, bursting with seeds. |
 Vatican Walled City Palace on a hill overlooking Rome- Pope's have it pretty good! |
 Octagonal Courtyard Apollo Belvedere, the Greek god of the sun. 2000 years old, once considered the most perfect work of art |
 Bearded old Roman river god-inspired Michelangelo to pose Adam reclining & reaching out to accept the spark of life from God |
 Original Laocoon lost for 1000 yrs, unearthed in pieces in 1506. Michelangelo was hired by the pope to help reassemble him |
 Vatican Hall of Animals |
 Hellenistic zoo of beasts |
 Vatican Hall of Animals both the real and surreal |
 Vatican Lots of animal statues |
 The Belvedere Torso- remains of an ancient statue from the 1st century- Michelangelo told people I am the pupil of the Torso |
 Vatican Pius and Clementine's Museum's beautiful painted ceiling above the Torso |
 The artifacts from ancient Rome give you a sense of Roman flaire for over-the-top grandeur. Romans took Greek ideas and made the |
 Bronze statue of Hercules, a Greek hero blown up to Roman proportions- once stood at the ancient Theatre of Pompey. |
 Vatican Mosaic floor- 1700 yrs old- battle scenes once decorated the bottom of a pool in a public bath. |
 Enormous purple basin over 15 ft across carved from a single block of stone that once decorated Emperor Nero's Golden House. |
 Made of purple stone called Imperial porphyry which came only from a single source within a mountain in Egypt- now quarried oute |
 Round Room modeled on the Pantheon with very simular coffered dome built to house the basin and other ancient artifacts. |
 Vatican Amazing mosaic floor details |
 Sarcophagi Room-two 4th century purple porphyry coffins for the mother and daughter of great Roman Emperor Constantine |
 These sarcophagi stand on the cusp between pagan Rome and Christian Rome and therefore incorporate symbolism from both. |
 Vatican Another astonishing mosaic tile floor |
 A sculpture of an entire chariot with horses |
 Another room of miscellaneous busts and statues |
 More ceiling art |
 Ancient Roman goddess Artemis-goddess of fertility. Covered with stylized breasts to show her as the giver of life & nourishment |
 Diana the virgin goddess of hunting |
 Interesting painting I saw with ancient Roman buildings as a background |
 Even doorways are completely elaborate |
 Cool crest on the floor of the hall going to Tapestry room |
 Gallery of Tapestries depicting scenes from the life of Christ |
 The scene when all the baby boys were slaughtered by King Herod to prevent the rise of the messiah |
 Equivalent of each brushstroke on full sized painted scenes, had to be reproduced by thousands of short pieces of colored thread |
 The resurrection of Jesus showing him striding out of the doorway of the tomb |
 Vatican tapestries are remarkable for their lifelike realism-almost like oil paintings. Created by students of Raphael |
 Ceiling is painted to look like beautiful sculpted reliefs-cameo like scenes carved into the frames and medallions of the stucco |
 Painted on a flat surface- Popes loved illusions like these to entertain their guests |
 The Map Gallery has 40 maps on the walls showing the regions of Italy as they were in the 1500's |
 could take visitors on a virtual tour of Italy, from south to north. |
 Some maps have a detail map of the region's major city. Also what look like royal proclamations that appeared thumbtacked on |
 These maps actually functioned as the Vatican's official maps from 1582 when they were painted until the 19th century. |
 The Italy boot from back in the 16th century. |
 Still feels like what it once was- pope's palace, as heirs of imperial Rome they felt they deserved such luxury |
 Immaculate Conception Room-doctrine(1854) which decreed the idea that Mary herself was conceived free from original sin |
 Coronation of the image of Mary, an event following the Proclamation, which took place in St. Peters |
 Bookcase(1867) which holds the translations of the Papal Bull proclaiming the dogma Ineffabilis Deus. |
 Donation of Rome-Emperor Constantine kneels before Pope Sylvester offering him the city of Rome, symbolized by the golden statue |
 Legendary foundation of the state of the church and justification for the temporal power of the Popes was based on this episode |
 This was one of my favorite displays at the time.... there was a lot of construction-restoration going on & it was HOT in there |
 The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila(1514)-parley between Pope & Hun conqueror, & legendary images of Saints Peter & Paul |
 The ceiling of the Room of Heliodorus by Raphael |
 Disputation of the Holy Sacrament, first composition Raphael executed(1509-1510) image of church spanning both heaven & earth |
 Coronation of Charlemagne shows how Charlemagne was crowned Imperator Romanorum on Christmas Day, 800 |
 The Battle of Ostia was inspired by the naval victory of Leo IV over the Saracens at Ostia in 849 |
 Another cool ceiling on the way to the Sistine Chapel |
 Gold leaf inlay... wish I'd gotten a better picture |
 Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo-Jesus with the body of the Torso and the face of Apollo and Adam is a reclining river god. |
 Capuchin Crypt View down the hallway past each room |
 Crypt of the Leg Bones and Thigh Bones featuring the severed, crossed arms that make up the Capuchin's coat of arms. |
 Crypt of the Pelvises Skeletons dressed in hooded friar frocks & surrounded by butterfly-shaped pelvic bones |
 Crypt of the Resurrection, featuring a picture of Jesus raising Lazarus from the dead, framed by various bones of human skeleton |
 Crypt of Skulls Named for the hundreds, and possibly thousands, of skulls that decorate this space. |
 Crypt of the Three Skeletons A plaque reads, “What you are now we used to be; what we are now you will be. |
 Crypt of the Three Skeletons The center skeleton is enclosed in an oval, the symbol of life coming to birth. |
 Right hand holds a scythe, symbol of death while its left hand holds the scales, symbolizing the good and evil |
 Capuchin Crypt Bone chandelier |
 Capuchin Crypt Bone art. |
 Capuchin Crypt Bone art. |