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Micro-inverted solar panels are wired in parallel, which produces more output than normal panels wired in series, with the output of the series determined by the most affordable performing panel. This is referred to as the "Christmas light impact". Micro-inverters work individually to allow each panel to contribute its maximum possible output for an offered quantity of sunlight.

In 2013, crystalline silicon represented more than 90 percent of worldwide PV production, while the remainder of the total market is comprised of thin-film technologies using cadmium telluride, CIGS and amorphous silicon Emerging, third generation solar technologies use sophisticated thin-film cells. They produce a reasonably high-efficiency conversion for the low cost compared to other solar technologies.

MJ-cells are compound semiconductors and made of gallium arsenide (Ga, As) and other semiconductor materials. Another emerging PV technology using MJ-cells is concentrator photovoltaics (CPV ). Thin film [modify] In stiff thin-film modules, the cell and the module are produced in the same production line. Check For Updates is produced on a glass substrate or superstrate, and the electrical connections are produced in situ, a so-called "monolithic combination." The substrate or superstrate is laminated with an encapsulant to a front or back sheet, usually another sheet of glass.

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Amorphous silicon has a sunlight conversion rate of 612%. [] Versatile thin film cells and modules are developed on the very same production line by transferring the photoactive layer and other required layers on a flexible substrate. If the substrate is an insulator (e. g. polyester or polyimide film) then monolithic integration can be used.

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The cells are assembled into modules by laminating them to a transparent colourless fluoropolymer on the front side (generally ETFE or FEP) and a polymer ideal for bonding to the final substrate on the other side. Smart solar modules [modify] Numerous business have started embedding electronics into PV modules. This enables performing MPPT for each module individually, and the measurement of efficiency data for monitoring and fault detection at module level.