•We test how free of charge and paid music streaming affects music industry revenue. Using longitudinal study data we control for unobserved specific effects. Paid streaming positively influences total income through subscription fees. Free streaming just positively affects income for previously inactive adopters. On-demand streaming providers that depend on subscription fees or marketing as a revenue resource (e.g., Spotify) are a topic of ongoing controversial debate in the music sector because their addition to the distribution blend entails the chance of cannibalization of additional distribution stations (e.g., purchases of downloads or CDs) and may reduce overall revenues. To date, no research has assessed the result of streaming services on revenue, and whether cannibalization indeed takes place. Our study fills this void and assesses the influence of free and paid streaming providers on music expenditures and on total music industry revenue. To this end, we constructed a research design in which we noticed a panel greater than 2500 music customers repeatedly over more than one year. This approach we can eliminate individual-specific unobserved results that may otherwise confound the identification of a cannibalization impact. Our results show that the adoption of a free of charge streaming service as well as the adoption of a paid streaming support cannibalizes consumers' music expenditures. The net effect of paid streaming services on revenue, however, is clearly net positive. In contrast, the net effect of free streaming solutions on revenue is positive for consumers who have been relatively inactive before the adoption. On the sector level, our findings claim that the negative aftereffect of free of charge streaming on industry revenue is offset by the positive effect of paid streaming in the context that people analyze. Hence, on the market that people study and under the assumptions that we make, we estimate that the entire effect of streaming on market revenue is definitely positive.

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