The city's official name is a contraction of the Dutch des Hertogen bosch - "the Duke's forest". Henry I, Duke of Brabant, founded the town in the middle of a marsh. He granted 's-Hertogenbosch city rights and the corresponding trade privileges in 1185. The city was conceived as a fortress town. It was destroyed in 1203 by a joint expedition of Gelre and Holland but soon rebuilt. Some remnants of the original city walls may still be seen. Artificial waterways were dug to serve as a city moat, through which the rivers Dommel and Aa were diverted.