How was it possible that two thousand persons, mostly women and children, could be massacred while living in an internationally designated camp for displaced persons in a small country with an overwhelming presence of international agencies? This happened in post-genocide Rwanda during the army’s operation to close Kibeho camp, despite a presence that included more than a dozen UN agencies, 120 non-governmental organizations and 5,500 UN peacekeepers. In her monograph, "The Protection Gap in the International Protection of Internally Displaced Persons: The Case of Rwanda," Stephanie Kleine-Ahlbrandt analyzes how the framework of cooperation between the international agencies and the Rwandan government failed. In so doing, she exposes broader challenges and flaws in international responses to complex emergencies, including lack of awareness of legal norms and weak UN inter-agency coordination. Her monograph builds upon the first edition by assessing the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement as a tool for advocacy for the rights of the displaced through a case study of the 1997-1999 displacement crisis in Northwest Rwanda. She proposes measures for the improvement of the international system of protection of internally displaced persons. The book is available from the United Nations Bookstore in New York or from the Graduate Institute of International Studies of the University of Geneva (using the order form included on the last page of this album).

The photos in this album were taken in April and May 2005 by Mark Cuthbert-Brown, Provost Marshal of the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), with the assistance of John Cleland from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).