Communists were especially murderous with Cossacks, conducting policy of extermination of their middle and upper layer during the first years of Soviet power. About hundred thousand of them fled the country and decided to repay the debt, joining Germans when they invaded the Soviet Union. They surrendered to Allies when the war ended. Allies (mostly British) have delivered about 50000 of them to Soviets, who executed their officers and sent others to forced labour in Siberia where many of them have died from starvation.