So, let’s assume we are standing with the same flock of birds that we found img 1 in as we work through the rest of these images. Right away then by size and plumage tone comparison we arrive at Great Black-backed for this guy.

Why 2nd cycle? Compared to img 1, note all that white in the tail, but still with some dark, and the more fully dark gray mantle and scapulars. Most importantly in my opinion check out the greater coverts, especially the further out (closer to the head, further from the tail in this posture) on the wing you look. Compare this bird to img 1. See how this bird’s coverts are patterned more like a Gadwall’s breast and less like a young Red-tailed Hawk’s tail?

The absence of any adult-like wing coverts eliminates 3rd cycle from consideration pretty easily.

Howth Ireland
November 2009