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阿里山位於阿里山山脈的主山脈之上,其海拔高為2,216米(7,270英尺)[3]。阿里山山區是以沼平地區為中心並向西北傾斜的斜向山坡,其南北翼各自向西彎曲形成一半懷抱地形。相對於玉山山脈與雪山山脈,阿里山山脈的地質時期是屬於晚期中新世紀層,是這三者中最年輕的,而構成阿里山地區的岩層為主要以塊狀砂岩外加少量沙頁岩的南港沙岩層組成,其形成時期大致為一千萬年前的中新世晚期[3]。由於沙頁岩層本身的不穩定性以及位於阿里山地區的斷層的存在,導致此區域地層的不穩定,進而造成許多斷崖及瀑布。此區域的土壤是以阿里山粘質壤土為主,是由第三紀的硬質砂岩及頁岩育化產生的。由於其排水良好,並沒有嚴重的土壤沖刷問題存在,其地表的腐植質層通常都有3至5公分厚,但由於缺乏鈣而使得土壤呈現強酸性,其pH值為4.0至5.0之間。在此區域內,塔山的土壤為特殊的石質土,並沒有豐厚的表土層,而地表主要由尚未風化完成的硬岩石以及其碎片物質所構成
The Alishan National Scenic Area is a mountain resort and natural preserve located in the mountains of Chiayi County in Taiwan. It is 415 kmē in area. It includes, among other things, mountain wilderness, four villages, waterfalls, high altitude tea plantations, the Alishan Forest Railway and several hiking trails. The area is popular among tourists and mountain climbers, and Alishan or Mount Ali (Chinese: 阿里山; pinyin: Ālǐshān) itself has become one of the major landmarks associated with Taiwan. The area is also famous for its production of high mountain tea and wasabi.