There are a remarkable number of goldenrod galls in this shot, which shows a small fragment of the goldenrods in the old field. In winter, you really get an idea of how many galls there really are. Not only in the old field, but all over wherever Canada and tall goldenrods grow. Many of them are chewed open by mice, red squirrels, and birds, seeking the fly larva inside. These galls are made by the goldenrod gall fly which you can see here: http://www.pbase.com/fwg/image/104072334.