During Karamanoğlu rule, a double set of city walls were erected: the smaller one, called ‘Orta Kale’ (Middle Castle) had two gates and 40 towers and encircled an area with Iç Kale in its very centre.

On the picture: One of those gates (Pazar Kapısı = Market Gate) survived and has been restored, along with a short segment of these (small) city walls.

Correspondent: J.M.Criel, Antwerpen.
Source: ‘Karaman (Tarihi ve Kültürü)’ (Ilhan Temizsoy & M. Vehbi Uysal) – Konya 1981 .