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Cristian Jensen | all galleries >> Birding in Spain - Best Birding Sites in Spain - Wildlife Photography >> Birds and landscapes from the Ebro Delta Nature Park - Aus del Delta de l'Ebre - Aves y paisajes del Parque del Delta del Ebro > Cattle Egret - Bubulcus ibis - Garcilla bueyera - Esplagubous
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14-NOV-2009 © Cristian Jensen - Audouin Birding Tours

Cattle Egret - Bubulcus ibis - Garcilla bueyera - Esplagubous

Ebro Delta Nature Park - Delta de l'Ebre

Aquesta foto va ser presa en una de les sortides al Parc Natural del Delta de l'Ebre de Audouin Birding Tours http://www.audouinbirding.net/
L'esplugabous (Bubulcus ibis) és un ocell de l'ordre dels Ciconiformes i de la família dels Ardeidae. El seu plomatge és de color blanc i d'alçada pot arribar als 52 cm. La seva aparença és de cos compacte, potes grises, bec de color groc i coll bastant curt (pel que fa a la família a la qual pertany), que sovint du recollit. És una espècie que en els últims anys s'ha estès cap al Nord i que hiverna a Catalunya des dels anys setanta. Fins fa ben poc aquesta espècie era difícil de veure fora del seu hàbitat natural (aiguamolls i albuferes), però en els últims anys el podem veure en pastures, conreus llaurats...
Hàbitat
Tot i que l'hàbitat dels Ardèids són les zones humides, l'esplugabous és de la família, el menys aquàtic. Es troba principalment en pastures, arrossars conreus llaurats i canals sovint associat a ramats de bous, vaques o altres animals.
Distribució
L'esplugabous ha experimentat un dels creixements més ràpids naturals de qualsevol espècie d' ocell. Era originalment nadiu de les parts meridional de la Península Ibèrica, Àfrica tropical i subtropical i Àsia tropical i subtropical humida. Al final del segle XIX va començar a ampliar la seva distribució a Àfrica meridional, el primer avistament d'un exemplar d'aquesta espècie a la província del cap (Sudàfrica) va ser al 1908. Els esplugabous primer van ser vistos a América al límit de la Guayana i de Suriname al 1877, volant pel que sembla a través de l'Oceà Atlàntic. L'espècie primer va arribar a Nord-amèrica al 1941 (aquestes vistes primerenques van ser acomiadades originalment per ser exemplrars alliberats per l'home), va ser vist criant a Florida al 1953, i, també per primera vegada al Canadà al 1962. Ara fins it tot s'ha n'ha vist a l'oest com Califòrnia. Els primers exemplars van ser vistos a Cuba al 1957, a Costa Rica al 1958, i a Mèxic al 1963, encara que probablement fos establert abans això. A Europa l'espècie havia disminuït històricament fins a extingir-se a Espanya i Portugal, però en l'última part del segle 20 es va ampliar a la península ibèrica, i després va començar a colonizar altres parts d'Europa; França meridional al 1958, nord de França al 1981 i Itàlia al 1985. Al Regne Unit va ser registrat criant per primera vegada al 2008 solament un any després d'una afluència considerada del 2007. El 2008 l'esplugabpus també es va traslladar a Irlanda per primera vegada. A Austràlia va començar arribar als anys 40, amb l'espècie establint-se al nord d'aquest continent. Va començar a visitar regularment Nova Zelanda als anys 60. El 1948 l'esplugabous era un resident permanent a Israel i Palestina. Abans de 1948 era solament un visitant d'hivern.

L'esplugabous va començar a viure amb els buffals d'aigua d'Africa, després va acompanyar animals domèstics, especialment les vaques i bous i s'ha estés per tot el món acompamyant els éssers humans i els seus animals domesticats. Adaptat originalment a una relació comensal amb els animals grans hervibors, va canviar facilment al bestiar i als cavalls domesticats. Moltes poblacions d'esplugabous són migratòries i això ha ajudat al l'especie a extendre's per tot el planeta. L'espècie inclús s'ha vist en vàries illes sub-Antàrtiques, incloent Geòrgia del sud, la illa de Marion, les illes de Sandwich del sud i les illes de Orkney del sud. Una petita multitud de vuit ocells també va ser vista a les illes Fiji al 2008. A més de l'extensió natural, l'esplugabous s'ha introduït en algunes àrees. L'espècie va ser introduïda a Hawaii al 1959, i a l'arxipèlag de Chagos al 1955. També a les Seychelles i les illes Rodrigues, (Oceà Indic) però les temptatives d'introduir l'espècie a Illa Maurici van fallar. Uns exemplars també van ser alliberats pel Zoo de Whipsnadea, Anglaterra, però l'espècie mai va establir, fins el 2008. Els llocs on els van introduir, ho van fer per combatre plagues del bestiar, ja que aquests ocells mengen paràsits dels animals que segueixen.
Alimentació
L'alimentació depèn de l'hàbitat. En zones humides s'alimenta de granotes i petits peixos mentre que en pastures i conreus els coleòpters, ortòpters i altres invertebrats formen part de la seva dieta. També menja paràsits, com garrapates o puçes de les vaques i/o animals als quals segueix en busca d'aliments menjant a la vegada insectes que els animals espanten mentre van caminant i pasturant.

Reproducció
En època de reproducció i festeig les plomes de l'esplugabous (principalment en cap i pit)agafen una coloració groguenca molt característica igual que les potes que també s'aclareixen. Nia en colònies, en arbres i arbusts prop de llacs i rius, barrejat sovint amb altres espècies de martinets i fins i tot amb el bernat pescaire. Comencen a niar a partir de l'abril.
Més informació en forma de gràfiques i mapes de distribució de l'espècie.

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La Garcilla bueyera
Garcilla bueyera o como también es denominada en el Delta del Ebro, Patxera de pico amarillo. En el resto de Cataluña la llaman Esplugabous y recibe el nombre en latín de Bubulcus ibis. Se diferencia de la Garceta común, a la que se asemeja, por tener el pico naranja, más grueso y corto. En las nupcias le salen unas plumas naranjas encima de la cabeza, pecho y dorso que le dan una apariencia muy vistosa.
Presente en todos los continentes salvo en la Antártida, durante el siglo pasado ha colonizado y expandido desde sus áreas originales de cría en África y Asia hasta Europa, América y Australia. En Europa se distribuye en torno al Mediterráneo y el mar Caspio, con las mayores poblaciones reproductoras en la península Ibérica. En unos 40 años la población en Europa ha incrementado hasta las 88.000-95.000parejas (datos del 2000!).
Esta especie nos la encontraremos presente en el Delta todo el año, reproduciéndose en el Parque Natural con unas 3.610 parejas. En toda Cataluña se reproducen 6.900 parejas siendo el delta del Ebro la zona de mayor importancia. Durante los meses de invierno se han llegado a censar 4.600 ejemplares. En España hay una estima de 64.000 parejas siendo los grandes núcleos en Extremadura y Andalucía donde conjuntamente crían el 70% de la población ibérica.
Es una especie oportunista que modifica su dieta en según el alimento disponible, escogiendo áreas de pastos con ganado, campos agrícolas, arrozales, humedales naturales y basureros. Come ranas, peces, cangrejos, desechos, gusanos, pero sobretodo suele alimentarse de insectos y otros invertebrados asociados al ganado. Es de aquí de donde le vienen sus nombres, tanto en catalán como en castellano. También suele aprovechar los momentos en que los tractores trabajan la tierra para comer los animalillos al descubierto. En África, su área de distribución original, persigue a Búfalos, Elefantes y otros grandes mamíferos que en los países de nueva colonización los ha substituido por el ganado. Nidifica colonialmente sobre árboles, cañas, carrizos y matorrales cerca de masas de agua. Las colonias pueden concentrar varios miles de parejas reproductoras y suelen ser compartidas con otras ardeidas y con cigüeñas.

Es un pájaro que se puede ver en cualquier zona que esté encharcada como arrozales, lagunas, canales, salinas pescando intentando coger algún animalillo acuático.
Esta foto fue tomada en una de las excursiones al Parque Natural Delta del Ebro de Audouin Birding Tours http://www.audouinbirding.net/
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The Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) is a cosmopolitan species of heron (family Ardeidae) found in the tropics, subtropics and warm temperate zones. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Bubulcus, although some authorities regard its two subspecies as full species, the Western Cattle Egret and the Eastern Cattle Egret. Despite the similarities in plumage to the egrets of the genus Egretta, it is more closely related to the herons of Ardea. Originally native to parts of Asia, Africa and Europe, it has undergone a rapid expansion in its distribution and successfully colonised much of the rest of the world.
It is a stocky white bird adorned with buff plumes in the breeding season which nests in colonies, usually near bodies of water and often with other wading birds. The nest is a platform of sticks in trees or shrubs. Unlike most other herons, it feeds in relatively dry grassy habitats, often accompanying cattle or other large mammals, since it catches insect and small vertebrate prey disturbed by these animals. Some populations of the Cattle Egret are migratory and others show post-breeding dispersal.
The adult Cattle Egret has few predators, but birds or mammals may raid its nests, and chicks may be lost to starvation, calcium deficiency or disturbance from other large birds. This species removes ticks and flies from cattle, but it can be a safety hazard at airfields, and has been implicated in the spread of tick-borne animal diseases.
Taxonomy
Breeding plumage adult B. i. coromandusThe Cattle Egret was first described in 1758 by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae as Ardea ibis, but was moved to its current genus by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1855.Its genus name Bubulcus is Latin for herdsman, referring, like the English name, to this species' association with cattle. Ibis is a Latin and Greek word which originally referred to another white wading bird, the Sacred Ibis.
The Cattle Egret has two geographical races which are sometimes classified as full species, the Western Cattle Egret, B. ibis, and Eastern Cattle Egret, B. coromandus. The two forms were split by McAllan and Bruce, but were regarded as conspecific by almost all other recent authors until the publication of the influential Birds of South Asia. The eastern subspecies B. (i.) coromandus, described by Pieter Boddaert in 1783, breeds in Asia and Australasia, and the western nominate form occupies the rest of the species range, including the Americas. Some authorities recognise a third Seychelles subspecies, B. i. seychellarum, which was first described by Finn Salomonsen in 1934.
Despite superficial similarities in appearance, the Cattle Egret is more closely related to the genus Ardea, which comprises the great or typical herons and the Great Egret (A. alba), than to the majority of species termed egrets in the genus Egretta. Rare cases of hybridization with Egretta caerulea, Egretta garzetta and Egretta thula have been recorded.
Description
With neck retracted The Cattle Egret is a stocky heron with a 88–96 cm (35–38 in) wingspan; it is 46–56 centimetres (18–22 in) long and weighs 270–512 grams (9.5–18.1 oz). It has a relatively short thick neck, sturdy bill, and a hunched posture. The non-breeding adult has mainly white plumage, a yellow bill and greyish-yellow legs. During the breeding season, adults of the nominate western subspecies develop orange-buff plumes on the back, breast and crown, and the bill, legs and irises become bright red for a brief period prior to pairing. The sexes are similar, but the male is marginally larger and has slightly longer breeding plumes than the female; juvenile birds lack coloured plumes and have a black bill.

B. i. coromandus differs from the nominate subspecies in breeding plumage, when the buff colour on its head extends to the cheeks and throat, and the plumes are more golden in colour. This subspecies' bill and tarsus are longer on average than in B. i. ibis. B. i. seychellarum is smaller and shorter-winged than the other forms. It has white cheeks and throat, like B. i. ibis, but the nuptial plumes are golden, as with B. i. coromandus.

The positioning of the egret's eyes allows for binocular vision during feeding, and physiological studies suggest that the species may be capable of crepuscular or nocturnal activity. Adapted to foraging on land, they have lost the ability possessed by their wetland relatives to accurately correct for light refraction by water.

This species gives a quiet, throaty "rick-rack" call at the breeding colony, but is otherwise largely silent.

Distribution and habitat
Typical grassland habitat in KolkataThe Cattle Egret has undergone one of the most rapid and wide reaching natural expansions of any bird species. It was originally native to parts of Southern Spain and Portugal, tropical and subtropical Africa and humid tropical and subtropical Asia. In the end of the 19th century it began expanding its range into southern Africa, first breeding in the Cape Province in 1908. Cattle Egrets were first sighted in the Americas on the boundary of Guiana and Suriname in 1877, having apparently flown across the Atlantic Ocean. It was not until the 1930s that the species is thought to have become established in that area.

The species first arrived in North America in 1941 (these early sightings were originally dismissed as escapees), bred in Florida in 1953, and spread rapidly, breeding for the first time in Canada in 1962.It is now commonly seen as far west as California. It was first recorded breeding in Cuba in 1957, in Costa Rica in 1958, and in Mexico in 1963, although it was probably established before that. In Europe the species had historically declined in Spain and Portugal, but in the latter part of the 20th century it expanded back through the Iberian Peninsula, and then began to colonise other parts of Europe; southern France in 1958, northern France in 1981 and Italy in 1985. Breeding in the United Kingdom was recorded for the first time in 2008 only a year after an influx seen in the previous year. In 2008 cattle egrets were also reported as having moved into Ireland for the first time.
In Australia the colonisation began in the 1940s, with the species establishing itself in the north and East of the continent. It began to regularly visit New Zealand in the 1960s. Since 1948 the Cattle Egret has been permanently resident in Israel. Prior to 1948 it was only a winter visitor.
The massive and rapid expansion of the Cattle Egret's range is due to its relationship with humans and their domesticated animals. Originally adapted to a commensal relationship with large browsing animals, it was easily able to switch to domesticated cattle and horses. As livestock keeping spread throughout the world it was able to occupy otherwise empty niches. Many populations of Cattle Egrets are highly migratory and dispersive, and this has helped the species' range expansion. The species has been seen as a vagrant in various sub-Antarctic islands, including South Georgia, Marion Island, the South Sandwich Islands and the South Orkney Islands. A small flock of eight birds was also seen in Fiji in 2008.
In addition to the natural expansion of its range, Cattle Egrets have been introduced into a few areas. The species was introduced to Hawaii in 1959, and to the Chagos Archipelago in 1955. Successful releases were also made in the Seychelles and Rodrigues, but attempts to introduce the species to Mauritius failed. Numerous birds were also released by Whipsnade Zoo in England, but the species never established.
Although the Cattle Egret sometimes feeds in shallow water, unlike most herons it is typically found in fields and dry grassy habitats, reflecting its greater dietary reliance on terrestrial insects rather than aquatic prey.
Migration and movements
Some populations of Cattle Egrets are migratory, others are dispersive, and distinguishing between the two can be difficult for this species. In many areas populations can be both sedentary and migratory. In the northern hemisphere migration is from cooler climes to warmer areas, but Cattle Egrets nesting in Australia migrate to cooler Tasmania and New Zealand in the winter and return in the spring. Migration in western Africa is in response to rainfall, and in South America migrating birds travel south of their breeding range in the non breeding season. Populations in southern India appear to show local migrations in response to the monsoons. They move north from Kerala after September. During winter, many birds have been seen flying at night with flocks of Indian Pond Herons (Ardeola grayii) on the southeastern coast of India and a winter influx has also been noted in Sri Lanka.
Young birds are known to disperse up to 5,000 km (3,100 mi) from their breeding area. Flocks may fly vast distances and have been seen over seas and oceans including in the middle of the Atlantic.
Status
This species has a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10 million square kilometres (3.8 square miles). Its global population estimated to be 3.8–6.7 million individuals. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern. On the other hand the expansion and establishment of the species over large ranges has led it to be classed as an invasive species (although little, if any impact has been noted yet).
Behaviour Breeding
This eastern race adult shows the red flush on the legs and bill present at the height of the breeding season.The Cattle Egret nests in colonies, which are often, but not always, found around bodies of water. The colonies are usually found in woodlands near lakes or rivers, in swamps, or on small inland or coastal islands, and are sometimes shared with other wetland birds, such as herons, egrets, ibises and cormorants. The breeding season varies within South Asia. Nesting in northern India begins with the onset of monsoons in May. The breeding season in Australia is November to early January, with one brood laid per season. The North American breeding season lasts from April to October. In the Seychelles, the breeding season of the subspecies B.i. seychellarum is April to October.
The male displays in a tree in the colony, using a range of ritualised behaviours such as shaking a twig and sky-pointing (raising bill vertically upwards), and the pair forms over three or four days. A new mate is chosen in each season and when re-nesting following nest failure. The nest is a small untidy platform of sticks in a tree or shrub constructed by both parents. Sticks are collected by the male and arranged by the female, and stick-stealing is rife. The clutch size can be anywhere from one to five eggs, although three or four is most common. The pale bluish-white eggs are oval-shaped and measure 45 mm × 53 mm. (1.8–2.1 in) Incubation lasts around 23 days, with both sexes sharing incubation duties. The chicks are partly covered with down at hatching, but are not capable of fending for themselves; they become endothermic at 9–12 days and fully feathered in 13–21 days. They begin to leave the nest and climb around at 2 weeks, fledge at 30 days and become independent at around the 45th day.
The Cattle Egret engages in low levels of brood parasitism, and there are a few instances of Cattle Egret eggs being laid in the nests of Snowy Egrets and Little Blue Herons, although these eggs seldom hatch. There is also evidence of low levels of intraspecific brood parasitism, with females laying eggs in the nests of other Cattle Egrets. As much as 30% extra-pair copulations have been noted.
The dominant factor in nesting mortality is starvation. Sibling rivalry can be intense, and in South Africa third and fourth chicks inevitably starve. In the dryer habitats with fewer amphibians the diet may lack sufficient vertebrate content and may cause bone abnormalities in growing chicks due to calcium deficiency. In Barbados, nests were sometimes raided by vervet monkeys, and a study in Florida reported the Fish Crow and black rat as other possible nest raiders. The same study attributed some nestling mortality to Brown Pelicans nesting in the vicinity, which accidentally, but frequently, dislodged nests or caused nestlings to fall. In Australia, Torresian Crows, Wedge-tailed Eagles and White-bellied Sea Eagles take eggs or young, and tick infestation and viral infections may also be causes of mortality.
FeedingThe Cattle Egret feeds on a wide range of prey, particularly insects, especially grasshoppers, crickets, flies (adults and maggots [46]), and moths, as well as spiders, frogs, and earthworms. In a rare instance they have been observed foraging along the branches of a Banyan tree for ripe figs. The species is usually found with cattle and other large grazing and browsing animals, and catches small creatures disturbed by the mammals. Studies have shown that Cattle Egret foraging success is much higher when foraging near a large animal than when feeding singly.When foraging with cattle, it has been shown to be 3.6 times more successful in capturing prey than when foraging alone. Its performance is similar when it follows farm machinery, but it is forced to move more.
A Cattle Egret will weakly defend the area around a grazing animal against others of the same species, but if the area is swamped by egrets it will give up and continue foraging elsewhere. Where numerous large animals are present, Cattle Egrets selectively forage around species that move at around 5–15 steps per minute, avoiding faster and slower moving herds; in Africa, Cattle Egrets selectively foraged behind Plains Zebras, Waterbuck, Blue Wildebeest and Cape Buffalo. Dominant birds feed nearest to the host, and obtain more food.
The Cattle Egret may also show versatility in its diet. On islands with seabird colonies, it will prey on the eggs and chicks of terns and other seabirds. During migration it has also been reported to eat exhausted migrating landbirds. Birds of the Seychelles race also indulge in some kleptoparasitism, chasing the chicks of Sooty Terns and forcing them to disgorge food.
Non-breeding plumage
Relationship with humansA conspicuous species, the Cattle Egret has attracted many common names. These mostly relate to its habit of following cattle and other large animals, and it is known variously as cow crane, cow bird or cow heron, or even elephant bird, rhinoceros egret. Its Arabic name, abu qerdan, means “father of ticks", a name derived from the huge number of parasites such as avian ticks found in its breeding colonies.
The Cattle Egret is a popular bird with cattle ranchers for its perceived role as a biocontrol of cattle parasites such as ticks and flies. A study in Australia found that Cattle Egrets reduced the number of flies that bothered cattle by pecking them directly off the skin.It was the benefit to stock that prompted ranchers and the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and Forestry to release the species in Hawaii.

Not all interactions between humans and Cattle Egrets are beneficial. The Cattle Egret can be a potential safety hazard due to its habit of feeding in large groups in the grassy verges of airports, and it has been implicated in the spread of animal infections such as heartwater, infectious bursal disease and possibly Newcastle disease.
This picture was taken in one of the day trip to Ebro Delta Nature Park from Audouin Birding Tours http://www.audouinbirding.net/

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Cattle Egret - Garcilla bueyera - Bubulcus ibis - Esplugabous - Patxera full exif

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